Case report: Novel SIN3A loss-of-function variant as causative for hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in Witteveen-Kolk syndrome.

Pubertal delay can be due to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), which may occur in association with anosmia or hyposmia and is known as Kallmann syndrome (OMIM #308700). Recently, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism has been suggested to overlap with Witteveen-Kolk syndrome (WITKOS, OMIM #613406) associated with 15q24 microdeletions encompassing SIN3A. Whether hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is due to haploinsufficiency of SIN3A or any of the other eight genes present in 15q24 is not known. We report the case of a female patient with delayed puberty associated with intellectual disability, behavior problems, dysmorphic facial features, and short stature, at the age of 14 years. Clinical, laboratory, and imaging assessments confirmed the diagnosis of Kallmann syndrome. Whole-exome sequencing identified a novel heterozygous frameshift variant, NM_001145358.2:c.3045_3046dup, NP_001138830.1:p.(Ile1016Argfs*6) in SIN3A, classified as pathogenic according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG/AMP) criteria. Reverse phenotyping led to the clinical diagnosis of WITKOS. No other variant was found in the 96 genes potentially related to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The analysis of the other contiguous seven genes to SIN3A in 15q24 did not reveal any clinically relevant variant. In conclusion, these findings point to SIN3A as the gene in 15q24 related to the reproductive phenotype in patients with overlapping WITKOS and Kallmann syndrome.

Genética de los trastornos del neurodesarrollo. Aspectos prácticos / Genetics of neurodevelopmental disorders. Practical aspects

Resumen Los trastornos del neurodesarrollo (TND) constituyen un grupo relevante de enfermedades, con base biológica y etiología total o parcialmente genética. El reconocimiento de los factores causales cons tituye un reto cuyos resultados se han perfeccionado a lo largo de las últimas décadas, hasta obtener un rédito diagnóstico cada vez mayor. La implementación de estos avances tecnológicos solo puede lograrse mediante la conformación de equipos de trabajo interdisciplinarios, que siguiendo un proceso ordenado, logran un diag nóstico de presunción, que luego es certificado mediante las técnicas que, para cada uno de los casos, resulta más redituable en calidad y costo. En este trabajo, enumeramos estos procedimientos a partir de diferentes escenarios que ponen de relieve el extenso menú de posibilidades y la necesidad de administrar los mismos de un modo racional, sobre bases científicas debidamente fundadas.

Abstract Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) constitute a relevant group of pathologies, of childhood, with a biological basis and totally or partially genetic etiology. The recognition of the causal factors constitutes a challenge that has been perfected over the last decades, until obtaining an increasing diagnostic yield. The implementation of these technological advances can only be achieved through the formation of interdisciplinary work teams, which, following an or derly process, achieve a presumptive diagnosis, which is then certified using the techniques that for each of the cases are more profitable in terms of quality and cost. In this paper we list these procedures, based on different scenarios that highlight the extensive menu of possibilities and the need to manage them in a rational way, on well-founded scientific bases.

[Genetics of neurodevelopmental disorders. Practical aspects]. / Genética de los trastornos del neurodesarrollo. Aspectos prácticos.

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) constitute a relevant group of pathologies, of childhood, with a biological basis and totally or partially genetic etiology. The recognition of the causal factors constitutes a challenge that has been perfected over the last decades, until obtaining an increasing diagnostic yield. The implementation of these technological advances can only be achieved through the formation of interdisciplinary work teams, which, following an orderly process, achieve a presumptive diagnosis, which is then certified using the techniques that for each of the cases are more profitable in terms of quality and cost. In this paper we list these procedures, based on different scenarios that highlight the extensive menu of possibilities and the need to manage them in a rational way, on well-founded scientific bases.

Los trastornos del neurodesarrollo (TND) constituyen un grupo relevante de enfermedades, con base biológica y etiología total o parcialmente genética. El reconocimiento de los factores causales constituye un reto cuyos resultados se han perfeccionado a lo largo de las últimas décadas, hasta obtener un rédito diagnóstico cada vez mayor. La implementación de estos avances tecnológicos solo puede lograrse mediante la conformación de equipos de trabajo interdisciplinarios, que siguiendo un proceso ordenado, logran un diagnóstico de presunción, que luego es certificado mediante las técnicas que, para cada uno de los casos, resulta más redituable en calidad y costo. En este trabajo, enumeramos estos procedimientos a partir de diferentes escenarios que ponen de relieve el extenso menú de posibilidades y la necesidad de administrar los mismos de un modo racional, sobre bases científicas debidamente fundadas.

Clinical Spectrum and Tumour Risk Analysis in Patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome Due to CDKN1C Pathogenic Variants.

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome spectrum (BWSp) is an overgrowth disorder caused by imprinting or genetic alterations at the 11p15.5 locus. Clinical features include overgrowth, macroglossia, neonatal hypoglycaemia, omphalocele, hemihyperplasia, cleft palate, and increased neoplasm incidence. The most common molecular defect observed is hypomethylation at the imprinting centre 2 (KCNQ1OT1:TSS DMR) in the maternal allele, which accounts for approximately 60% of cases, although CDKN1C pathogenic variants have been reported in 5-10% of patients, with a higher incidence in familial cases. In this study, we examined the clinical and molecular features of all cases of BWSp identified by the Spanish Overgrowth Registry Initiative with pathogenic or likely pathogenic CDKN1C variants, ascertained by Sanger sequencing or next-generation sequencing, with special focus on the neoplasm incidence, given that there is scarce knowledge of this feature in CDKN1C-associated BWSp. In total, we evaluated 21 cases of BWSp with CDKN1C variants; 19 were classified as classical BWS according to the BWSp scoring classification by Brioude et al. One of our patients developed a mediastinal ganglioneuroma. Our study adds evidence that tumour development in patients with BWSp and CDKN1C variants is infrequent, but it is extremely relevant to the patient's follow-up and supports the high heterogeneity of BWSp clinical features associated with CDKN1C variants.

Mecanismos epigenéticos involucrados en la génesis del autismo / Epigenetic mechanisms involved in the genesis of autism

Resumen El autismo es un trastorno del neurodesarrollo de base neurobiológica, caracterizado por alteración en la interacción social y la comunicación, intereses restringidos y conductas estereotipadas. Se relaciona con trastornos en la sinaptogénesis y a multiples etiologías. La identificación de factores epigenéticos implicados en la génesis del autismo permiten una mejor comprensión de los mecanismos moleculares invo lucrados. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar los mecanismos epigenéticos relacionados al desarrollo del autismo, puntualizando entidades específicas y sus mecanismos fisiopatológicos. Analizamos de qué manera se rela cionan los trastornos en la metilación del ADN, la modificación de las histonas, la remodelación cromosómica y la regulación mediada por el ARN no codificantes con diversos síndromes genéticos como el frágil X, Rett, Mecp2patías, Phelam McDermid, tóxicos prenatales como el alcohol, ácido valproico, cannabis y ambientales cómo el estrés materno, todos ellos asociados a una mayor prevalencia de autismo. En conclusión, el recono cimiento de estos mecanismos abre nuevas posibilidades para la prevención, y probablemente en un futuro, en las entidades genéticas, permitirá el desarrollo de tratamientos específicos con modificaciones a la medida de cada entidad.

Abstract Autism is a neurobiological developmental disorder characterized by poor social interaction and communication, narrow interests, and stereotyped behaviors. It has been associated with disorders of synaptogenesis and multiple etiologies. The iden tification of the epigenetic factors involved in the genesis of autism allows a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved. Our objective was to analyze the epigenetic mechanisms related to the development of autism, specifying specific entities and their pathophysiological mechanisms. We analyze how DNA methylation disorders, histone modification, remodeling and chromosomal regulation mediated by non-coding RNA are related to various genetic syndromes such as fragile X, Rett, Pathias Mecp2, Phelam McDermid, prenatal toxins such as alcohol, valproic. acid, cannabis, and environmental toxins such as maternal stress, all associated with a higher prevalence of autism. In conclusion: the recognition of these mechanisms opens up new possibilities for preven tion and it is likely that, in genetic entities, it will allow the development of specific treatments with modifications tailored to each entity.

[Epigenetic mechanisms involved in the genesis of autism]. / Mecanismos epigenéticos involucrados en la génesis del autismo.

Autism is a neurobiological developmental disorder characterized by poor social interaction and communication, narrow interests, and stereotyped behaviors. It has been associated with disorders of synaptogenesis and multiple etiologies. The identification of the epigenetic factors involved in the genesis of autism allows a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved. Our objective was to analyze the epigenetic mechanisms related to the development of autism, specifying specific entities and their pathophysiological mechanisms. We analyze how DNA methylation disorders, histone modification, remodeling and chromosomal regulation mediated by non-coding RNA are related to various genetic syndromes such as fragile X, Rett, Pathias Mecp2, Phelam McDermid, prenatal toxins such as alcohol, valproic. acid, cannabis, and environmental toxins such as maternal stress, all associated with a higher prevalence of autism. In conclusion: the recognition of these mechanisms opens up new possibilities for prevention and it is likely that, in genetic entities, it will allow the development of specific treatments with modifications tailored to each entity.

El autismo es un trastorno del neurodesarrollo de base neurobiológica, caracterizado por alteración en la interacción social y la comunicación, intereses restringidos y conductas estereotipadas. Se relaciona con trastornos en la sinaptogénesis y a multiples etiologías. La identificación de factores epigenéticos implicados en la génesis del autismo permiten una mejor comprensión de los mecanismos moleculares involucrados. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar los mecanismos epigenéticos relacionados al desarrollo del autismo, puntualizando entidades específicas y sus mecanismos fisiopatológicos. Analizamos de qué manera se relacionan los trastornos en la metilación del ADN, la modificación de las histonas, la remodelación cromosómica y la regulación mediada por el ARN no codificantes con diversos síndromes genéticos como el frágil X, Rett, Mecp2patías, Phelam McDermid, tóxicos prenatales como el alcohol, ácido valproico, cannabis y ambientales cómo el estrés materno, todos ellos asociados a una mayor prevalencia de autismo. En conclusión, el reconocimiento de estos mecanismos abre nuevas posibilidades para la prevención, y probablemente en un futuro, en las entidades genéticas, permitirá el desarrollo de tratamientos específicos con modificaciones a la medida de cada entidad.

Algunos desafíos en mucopolisacaridosis tipo I / A few challenges in mucopolysaccharidosis type I

Se describen como desafíos actuales en mucopolisacaridosis I la necesidad de una clasificación adecuada, vinculándola a las indicaciones terapéuticas; el diagnóstico temprano desde la pesquisa neonatal, sus ventajas y dificultades hasta la sospecha clínica de las formas grave y atenuada; el cuidado de la patología espinal y oftalmológica, desde el diagnóstico, el seguimiento y el tratamiento; las reacciones alérgicas por terapia de reemplazo enzimático, su diagnóstico y tratamiento. Por último, la transición hacia el cuidado adulto

Here we describe the current challenges of mucopolysaccharidosis type I: the need for an adequate classification, establishing its relationship to therapeutic indications; an early diagnosis, from neonatal screening, its advantages and barriers, to clinical suspicion of severe and attenuated forms; spinal and eye disease care, from diagnosis to follow-up and treatment; allergic reactions caused by enzyme replacement therapy, their diagnosis and treatment. And lastly, transition to adult care

A few challenges in mucopolysaccharidosis type I. / Algunos desafíos en mucopolisacaridosis tipo I.

Here we describe the current challenges of mucopolysaccharidosis type I: the need for an adequate classification, establishing its relationship to therapeutic indications; an early diagnosis, from neonatal screening, its advantages and barriers, to clinical suspicion of severe and attenuated forms; spinal and eye disease care, from diagnosis to follow-up and treatment; allergic reactions caused by enzyme replacement therapy, their diagnosis and treatment. And lastly, transition to adult care.

Se describen como desafíos actuales en mucopolisacaridosis I la necesidad de una clasificación adecuada, vinculándola a las indicaciones terapéuticas; el diagnóstico temprano desde la pesquisa neonatal, sus ventajas y dificultades hasta la sospecha clínica de las formas grave y atenuada; el cuidado de la patología espinal y oftalmológica, desde el diagnóstico, el seguimiento y el tratamiento; las reacciones alérgicas por terapia de reemplazo enzimático, su diagnóstico y tratamiento. Por último, la transición hacia el cuidado adulto.

Nuevas recomendaciones para el cuidado de los pacientes con mucopolisacaridosis tipo I / New recommendations for the care of patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type I

Dados los avances sobre mucopolisacaridosis Icon posterioridad al consenso publicado en la Argentina por un grupo de expertos en 2008, se revisan recomendaciones respecto a estudios genéticos, seguimiento cardiológico, cuidado de la vía aérea, alertas sobre aspectos auditivos, de la patología espinal y neurológica. Se hace revisión de la terapéutica actual y se enfatiza en la necesidad de un diagnóstico y tratamiento precoces, así como de un seguimiento interdisciplinario

Considering the advances made on mucopolysaccharidosis type I after the consensus study published by a group of experts in Argentina in 2008, recommendations about genetic testing, cardiological follow-up, airway care, hearing impairment detection, spinal and neurological conditions, as well as current treatments, were reviewed. Emphasis was placed on the need for early diagnosis and treatment, as well as an interdisciplinary follow-up

Genetic literacy and psychological adaptation in adolescents with genetic diseases / [Alfabetización genética y adaptación psicológica en adolescentes con enfermedades genéticas]

Introduction: Living with a genetic condition is complex and may be limiting for the adolescent. This situation is considered a stress factor and risk factor for the mental health of both the patient and his family. Objective: To study the levels of psychological adaptation and genetic literacy in adolescents with genetic diseases residing in Argentina. Methods: Correlational and quantitative design and cross sectional scope. The protocol consisted of an informed consent, a sociodemographic data questionnaire, and the Genetic Health Literacy Screening Tool (REAL G) and Psychological Adaptation Scale (PAS) instruments. The sampling was intentional and composed by 68 cases. Results: The REAL G indicated low levels of genetic literacy in all its components (decoding, familiarity, comprehension, arithmetic). Regarding psychological adaptation, an M = 4.02 (SD = 0.8) was found for the general scale and high scores for all the dimensions. Conclusion: Adolescents diagnosed with genetic diseases in Argentina have a good level of psychological adaptation to their disease, despite having low levels of genetic literacy.

Introducción: La convivencia con una condición genética es compleja y puede resultar limitante para el adolescente. Esta situación constituye un estresor y un factor de riesgo para la salud mental tanto del paciente como de su familia. Objetivo: Estudiar los niveles de adaptación psicológica y alfabetización genética en adolescentes con enfermedades genéticas, residentes en Argentina. Métodos: Alcance descriptivo correlacional, de diseño cuantitativo y corte transversal. El protocolo administrado consistió en un consentimiento informado, un cuestionario de datos socio-demográficos, y los instrumentos Genetic Health Literacy Screening Tool (REAL G) y  Psychological Adaptation Scale (PAS). El muestreo fue intencional y la muestra fue de 68 casos. Resultados: El REAL G indicó bajos niveles de de alfabetización genética en todos sus componentes (decodificación, familiaridad, comprensión, aritmética). En cuanto a la adaptación psicológica, se encontró una M=4,02 (DE= 0.8) para la escala general y puntuaciones elevadas para todas las dimensiones. Conclusión: Los adolescentes diagnosticados con enfermedades genéticas en Argentina poseen un buen nivel de adaptación psicológica a su enfermedad, a pesar de tener bajos niveles de alfabetización genética.

New recommendations for the care of patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type I. / Nuevas recomendaciones para el cuidado de los pacientes con mucopolisacaridosis tipo I.

Considering the advances made on mucopolysaccharidosis type I after the consensus study published by a group of experts in Argentina in 2008, recommendations about genetic testing, cardiological follow-up, airway care, hearing impairment detection, spinal and neurological conditions, as well as current treatments, were reviewed. Emphasis was placed on the need for early diagnosis and treatment, as well as an interdisciplinary follow-up.

Dados los avances sobre mucopolisacaridosis I con posterioridad al consenso publicado en la Argentina por un grupo de expertos en 2008, se revisan recomendaciones respecto a estudios genéticos, seguimiento cardiológico, cuidado de la vía aérea, alertas sobre aspectos auditivos, de la patología espinal y neurológica. Se hace revisión de la terapéutica actual y se enfatiza en la necesidad de un diagnóstico y tratamiento precoces, así como de un seguimiento interdisciplinario.

Ophthalmic genetics in South America.

South America comprises of heterogeneous topographies, populations, and health care systems. Therefore, it is not surprising to see differences among the countries regarding expertise, education, and practices of ophthalmic genetics for patients with rare eye diseases. Nevertheless, common challenges such as limited genetics training in medical schools and among ophthalmologists, scarcity of diagnostic tools for phenotyping, and expensive genetic testing not covered by the public healthcare systems, are seen in all of them. Here, we provide a detailed report of the current status of ophthalmic genetics, described by the personal views of local ophthalmologists from Brazil, Colombia, Argentina, and Chile. By reporting our strengths and weaknesses as a region, we intend to highlight the need for guidelines on how to manage these patients aligned with public health policies. Our region contributes to research worldwide, with thousands of well diagnosed patients from a number of unique and genetically diverse populations. The constant expansion of ophthalmic genetics and molecular diagnostics requires us to join forces to collaborate across South America and with other countries to improve access to next-generation diagnostics and ultimately improve patient care.

Síndrome de osteoporosis-pseudoglioma: a propósito de un caso pediátrico de osteoporosis primaria / Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma Syndrome: a pediatric case of primary osteoporosis

La osteoporosis es un trastorno para tener en cuenta en niños con patologías crónicas graves o con algunas enfermedades genéticas que predisponen al incremento de la fragilidad ósea. La osteoporosis primaria es una entidad con etiologías emergentes y puede ocurrir en forma sindrómica. La asociación con pliegues retinianos congénitos debe orientar al diagnóstico de osteoporosis-pseudoglioma (OMIM 259770), síndrome poco frecuente (prevalencia de 1/2000000), que se origina por la pérdida de función de la proteína LRP5 (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5) y compromete la vía de señalización de Wnt/ß-catenina. Se presenta el caso de un niño con pliegues retinianos congénitos, ceguera progresiva y múltiples fracturas cuyo estudio clínico, bioquímico y genético confirmó el diagnóstico de osteoporosis primaria debido a una nueva variante inactivante en el gen LRP5 en homocigosis

Osteoporosis should be considered in children with severe chronic diseases or in association with some genetic diseases that bear an increased risk of bone fragility. Primary osteoporosis is an entity in which emerging aetiologies are being recognized. Its association with congenital retinal folds should guide the diagnosis to the Osteoporosis-Pseudoglioma syndrome (OMIM 259770), a rare disease (prevalence of 1/2000000), caused by the loss of function of the protein LRP5 (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5) resulting in the alteration of the Wnt/ß-catenin signalling pathway. We report the case of a child with congenital retinal folds, progressive loss of vision and multiple fractures whose clinical, biochemical and genetic studies confirmed the diagnosis of primary osteoporosis due to a novel homozygous inactivating variant in LRP5

[Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma Syndrome: a pediatric case of primary osteoporosis]. / Síndrome de osteoporosis-pseudoglioma: a propósito de un caso pediátrico de osteoporosis primaria.

Osteoporosis should be considered in children with severe chronic diseases or in association with some genetic diseases that bear an increased risk of bone fragility. Primary osteoporosis is an entity in which emerging aetiologies are being recognized. Its association with congenital retinal folds should guide the diagnosis to the Osteoporosis-Pseudoglioma syndrome (OMIM 259770), a rare disease (prevalence of 1/2 000 000), caused by the loss of function of the protein LRP5 (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5) resulting in the alteration of the Wnt/ß-catenin signalling pathway. We report the case of a child with congenital retinal folds, progressive loss of vision and multiple fractures whose clinical, biochemical and genetic studies confirmed the diagnosis of primary osteoporosis due to a novel homozygous inactivating variant in LRP5.

La osteoporosis es un trastorno para tener en cuenta en niños con patologías crónicas graves o con algunas enfermedades genéticas que predisponen al incremento de la fragilidad ósea. La osteoporosis primaria es una entidad con etiologías emergentes y puede ocurrir en forma sindrómica. La asociación con pliegues retinianos congénitos debe orientar al diagnóstico de osteoporosis-pseudoglioma (OMIM 259770), síndrome poco frecuente (prevalencia de 1/2 000 000), que se origina por la pérdida de función de la proteína LRP5 (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5) y compromete la vía de señalización de Wnt/ß-catenina. Se presenta el caso de un niño con pliegues retinianos congénitos, ceguera progresiva y múltiples fracturas cuyo estudio clínico, bioquímico y genético confirmó el diagnóstico de osteoporosis primaria debido a una nueva variante inactivante en el gen LRP5 en homocigosis.

Aging and Autism: Understanding, Intervention and Proposals to Improve Quality of Life.

BACKGROUND: The population with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been increasing and is currently estimated to be 1 in 58 births. The increased prevalence of ASD together with the lack of knowledge on the processes of aging in this population, the support needed at this stage of life, and the associated risk factors, have led to an urgent need for further research. METHODS: This study provides a review of the literature on social- and health-related conditions that may appear when persons with ASD grow old. RESULTS: In addition to the autism-related conditions, different neurological, genetic, and environmental factors may be involved in the process of aging. In this complex setting, this study provides proposals that may guide the development of support services that may improve the quality of life for aging people with ASD. CONCLUSION: Aging in ASD is emerging as a growing problem, which requires immediate planning and targetted treatment development.

A homozygous mutation in the highly conserved Tyr60 of the mature IGF1 peptide broadens the spectrum of IGF1 deficiency.

BACKGROUND: IGF1 is a key factor in fetal and postnatal growth. To date, only three homozygous IGF1 gene defects leading to complete or partial loss of IGF1 activity have been reported in three short patients born small for gestational age. We describe the fourth patient with severe short stature presenting a novel homozygous IGF1 gene mutation. RESULTS: We report a boy born from consanguineous parents at 40 weeks of gestational age with intrauterine growth restriction and severe postnatal growth failure. Physical examination revealed proportionate short stature, microcephaly, facial dysmorphism, bilateral sensorineural deafness and mild global developmental delay. Basal growth hormone (GH) fluctuated from 0.2 to 29 ng/mL, while IGF1 levels ranged from -1.15 to 2.95 SDS. IGFBP3 was normal-high. SNP array delimited chromosomal regions of homozygosity, including 12q23.2 where IGF1 is located. IGF1 screening by HRM revealed a homozygous missense variant NM_000618.4(IGF1):c.322T>C, p.(Tyr108His). The change of the highly conserved Tyr60 in the mature IGF1 peptide was consistently predicted as pathogenic by multiple bioinformatic tools. Tyr60 has been described to be critical for IGF1 interaction with type 1 IGF receptor (IGF1R). In vitro, HEK293T cells showed a marked reduction of IGF1R phosphorylation after stimulation with serum from the patient as compared to sera from age-matched controls. Mutant IGF1 was also less efficient in inducing cell growth. CONCLUSION: The present report broadens the spectrum of clinical and biochemical presentation of homozygous IGF1 defects and underscores the variability these patients may present depending on the IGF/IGF1R pathway activity.

Autismo: Aspectos genéticos y biológicos / Autism. Genetic and biological aspects

El autismo es un trastorno del neurodesarrollo caracterizado por compromiso en la interacción social y la comunicación, asociado a intereses restringidos y conductas estereotipadas con gran prevalencia poblacional, bases neurobiológicas y alta heredabilidad. Su etiología es heterogénea y se han reconocido numerosas bases genéticas, factores ambientales y mecanismos epigenéticos. Los avances en la genética molecular, así como los estudios epidemiológicos de grandes cohortes, han posibilitado identificar entidades médicas específicas, así como genes y factores ambientales vinculados parcial o totalmente en su patogenia. Estos conocimientos, conforme las características clínicas, permiten orientar los estudios complementarios, las conductas terapéuticas, inferir un pronóstico clínico y propiciar el asesoramiento genético familiar. En este trabajo analizamos las características clínicas de los trastornos del espectro del autismo, las entidades médicas específicas que están fuertemente relacionadas a los mismos, así como los genes reconocidos, los posibles factores ambientales y los resultados epidemiológicos que permiten el adecuado asesoramiento familiar.

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by commitment to social interaction and communication, associated with interests restricted and stereotyped behaviors with a high population prevalence, neurobiological bases and high heritability. Its etiology is heterogeneous, numerous genetic bases, environmental factors and epigenetic mechanisms have been recognized. Advances in molecular genetics, as well as epidemiological studies of large cohorts, have made it possible to identify specific medical entities, as well as genes and environmental factors partially or totally linked in their pathogenesis. This knowledge, according to the clinical characteristics, allows to guide the complementary studies, the therapeutic conducts, to infer a clinical prognosis and to propitiate the familiar genetic advice. In this work, the most prevalent clinical characteristics identified are described; the specific medical entities that are strongly related to autism are stated, as well as the recognized genes, the possible environmental factors and the epidemiological results that allow family counseling.

Aplicación de Hibridación In Situ Fluorescente (FISH) en pacientes con sospecha clínica de Síndrome de Deleción 22q11. 2 (SD22q11. 2) / Applying Fluorescent in situ hy-bridiza on (FISH) in patients with suspected clinical signs of 22q11. 2 dele on syndrome (DS22q11. 2)

El SD22q11.2 está asociado a síndromes de DiGeorge, velocardiofacial, facioconotruncal y Cayler, reconocidos con la misma etiología: microdeleción 22q11.2. El fenotipo es variable y presenta cardiopatía conotruncal (CC), dismorfias faciales, anomalías palatinas, inmunodeficiencias y trastornos del neurodesarrollo. Las manifestaciones endocrinológicas que predominan son talla baja, hipocalcemia neonatal asociada a hipoparatiroidismo y disfunción tiroidea. El 90% de los afectados presenta una deleción típica de 3-Mb, mientras que el resto tiene deleciones de menor tamaño o deleción localizada más distal a la región crítica . El objetivo del trabajo es identificar en una cohorte de 63 pacientes con sospecha clínica de SD22q11.2, la presencia de la microdeleción 22q11.2 empleando como método diagnóstico la técnica de FISH y describir brevemente las características clínicas más prevalentes que presentan los pacientes con resultado de FISH positivo y negativo. La microdeleción 22q11.2 se identificó en el 38% (24/63) de los pacientes estudiados. Las características clínicas más prevalentes en este grupo fueron las cardiopatías congénitas conotruncales (95,6%), microcefalia (50%), inmunodeficiencias (50%), hipocalcemia (48,8%), anomalías del paladar (45,8%), retraso del desarrollo y déficit cognitivo (41,5%). En nuestro hospital, el algoritmo diagnóstico para la detección de la microdeleción 22q11.2 es el cariotipo de alta resolución y el estudio por la técnica de FISH.

DS22q11.2 is associated with a wide spectrum of clinical disorders (DiGeorge, velocardiofacial, facioconotrunal and Cayler syndromes) known to arise from the same etiology 22q11.2 microdeletion The phenotype is variable and includes conotruncal cardiac defect (CCD), facial phenotype, palate anomalies, inmunodeficiency and developmental disorders. The endocrine manifestations are short stature (ST), neonatal hypocalcemia due to hypoparathyroidism, and thyroid dysfunction. In 90% of patients with 22q11.1 deletion a common 3-Mb deletion has been found, whereas the rest of cases share a smaller deletion or more distal atypical deletions. The aim of the present study was to identify the 22q11.2 microdeletion by FISH in 63 patients from the Genetic and Endocrinology Division between 2002 and 2017 who had more than one clinical feature of DS22q11. 2. High resolution karyotype and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) were performed with different commercial probes. The 22q11.2 microdeletion was demonstrated in 24/63 patients (38%). The more relevant clinical features in this group were: conotruncal cardiac defect (95.6%), microcephaly (50%), immunodeficiency (50%), hypocalcaemia (48.8%) palate anomalies (45.8%), development delay and cognitive deficit (41.5%). In our hospital, the diagnostic algorithm for the detection of the 22q11.2 microdeletion is the high resolution karyotype and the study by the FISH technique.

[Autism. Genetic and biological aspects]. / Autismo. Aspectos genéticos y biológicos.

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by commitment to social interaction and communication, associated with interests restricted and stereotyped behaviors with a high population prevalence, neurobiological bases and high heritability. Its etiology is heterogeneous, numerous genetic bases, environmental factors and epigenetic mechanisms have been recognized. Advances in molecular genetics, as well as epidemiological studies of large cohorts, have made it possible to identify specific medical entities, as well as genes and environmental factors partially or totally linked in their pathogenesis. This knowledge, according to the clinical characteristics, allows to guide the complementary studies, the therapeutic conducts, to infer a clinical prognosis and to propitiate the familiar genetic advice. In this work, the most prevalent clinical characteristics identified are described; the specific medical entities that are strongly related to autism are stated, as well as the recognized genes, the possible environmental factors and the epidemiological results that allow family counseling.

El autismo es un trastorno del neurodesarrollo caracterizado por compromiso en la interacción social y la comunicación, asociado a intereses restringidos y conductas estereotipadas con gran prevalencia poblacional, bases neurobiológicas y alta heredabilidad. Su etiología es heterogénea y se han reconocido numerosas bases genéticas, factores ambientales y mecanismos epigenéticos. Los avances en la genética molecular, así como los estudios epidemiológicos de grandes cohortes, han posibilitado identificar entidades médicas específicas, así como genes y factores ambientales vinculados parcial o totalmente en su patogenia. Estos conocimientos, conforme las características clínicas, permiten orientar los estudios complementarios, las conductas terapéuticas, inferir un pronóstico clínico y propiciar el asesoramiento genético familiar. En este trabajo analizamos las características clínicas de los trastornos del espectro del autismo, las entidades médicas específicas que están fuertemente relacionadas a los mismos, así como los genes reconocidos, los posibles factores ambientales y los resultados epidemiológicos que permiten el adecuado asesoramiento familiar.

Regresión autista: aspectos clínicos y etiológicos / Autistic regression: clinical and aetiological aspects

Introducción. Los trastornos del espectro autista son disfunciones del neurodesarrollo que se caracterizan por déficits en la integración social y la comunicación, asociados a intereses restringidos y conductas estereotipadas. Un alto porcentaje se asocia a trastorno del lenguaje, disfunciones sensoriales, trastorno por déficit de atención, bipolaridad, discapacidad intelectual o epilepsia, entre otras comorbilidades. Se estima que aproximadamente un 30% de los niños con autismo, con desarrollo típico inicial, pueden presentar regresión en los primeros años de vida, lo cual ya fue comunicado por Kanner en uno de sus casos originales. Se denomina regresión a la pérdida de habilidades sociales, comunicativas o motoras. Es esencial estar atentos ante cualquier cuadro de regresión autista, ya que no siempre es una manifestación habitual inespecífica del espectro clínico de autismo. Si bien la patogenia de la regresión se comprende poco, debe ser jerarquizada, ya que puede ser parte de diferentes entidades con diversas etiologías. Objetivo. Analizar diferentes entidades que deben evocarse frente a un niño con regresión autista, incluyendo etiologías genéticas, tóxicas, fenómenos autoinmunes, nutricionales y epilepsias. Conclusión. Frente a un cuadro de regresión autista es esencial intentar identificar (AU)

Introduction. Autism spectrum disorders are neurodevelopmental dysfunctions that are characterised by deficits in social integration and communication, associated with restricted interests and stereotypic behaviour. A high percentage are related to language disorders, sensory dysfunctions, attention deficit disorder, bipolarity, intellectual disability or epilepsy, among other comorbidities. It is estimated that around 30% of children with autism, with typical early development, may present regression in the first years of life, which was already reported by Kanner in one of his original cases. The term regression refers to the loss of social, communicative or motor skills. It is essential to be alert to any symptoms of autistic regression, since it is not always an unspecific usual manifestation of the clinical spectrum of autism. Although little is known about the pathogenesis of regression, it needs to be organised hierarchically, as it can be part of different conditions with a variety of causes. Aims. The aim of this study is to analyse distinct conditions that need to be addressed in the case of a child with autistic regression, including genetic and toxic causations, autoimmune and nutritional phenomena, and epilepsies. Conclusion. When faced with a case of autistic regression it is essential to try to identify the possible aetiology, as this can allow specific treatment and adequate genetic counselling to be established (AU)